Air Purification Systems

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Air Purification Systems

When selecting Air Purification Systems, consumers are influenced by several factors besides cleaning ability. These include possible hazardous gaseous by-products, noise level, frequency of filter replacement, electrical consumption, and visual appeal. Ozone production is typical for air ionizing Air Purification Systems and has received much attention recently. Although high concentration of ozone is dangerous, most Air Purification Systems ionizers produce low amounts of ozone (0.05 ppm). The noise level of an Air Purification Systems can be obtained easily through a customer service department and is usually reported in decibels (dB). The noise levels for most Air Purification Systems are low compared to many other home appliances and are not expected to cause hearing loss. However, Air Purification Systems are expected to operate over long periods of time. Therefore, even a moderate level of noise can be disturbing to some people. Frequency of filter replacement and electrical consumption are the major operation costs for any Air Purification Systems. There are many different types of filters; some can be cleaned by water, by hand or by vacuum cleaner, while others need to be replaced every few months or years. Some Air Purification Systems are certified as ENERGY STAR and are energy efficient.

HEPA technology is often used in portable Air Purification Systems as it removes common airborne allergens. The US Department of Energy has rigid requirements manufacturers must pass to meet HEPA requirements. The HEPA specification requires removal of at least 99.97% of 0.3 micrometres airborne pollutants. Products that claim to be "HEPA-type", "HEPA-like", or "99% HEPA" do not satisfy these requirements and may not be tested in independent laboratories.

Other factors that buyers consider when purchasing an Air Purification Systems are: the area coverage; the Air Changes Per Hour, which indicates how frequently the Air Purification Systems can exchange all the air in a given room; the Clean Air Delivery Rate, which determines how well air has been purified; energy usage; and the cost of the replacement filters.

Air Purification Systems ionizers and ozone

As with all health-related appliances, there is some controversy surrounding the claims of certain companies, specifically involving ionic Air Purification Systems. Particularly, some ionic Air Purification Systems generate ozone, an energetic allotrope of three oxygen atoms, and in the presence of humidity, small amounts of NOx (laughing gas). Ironically, people who have asthma and allergy are most prone to the adverse effects of high levels of ozone. For example, increasing ozone concentrations to unsafe levels can increase the risk of asthma attacks. Due to the below average performance and potential health risks, Consumer Reports have advised against using ozone producing Air Purification Systems. Ozone Generators used for shock treatments (unoccupied rooms) which are needed by smoke, mold, and odor remediation contractors as well as crime scene cleanup companies to oxidize and permanently remove smoke, mold, and odor damage are however considered a valuable and effective tool when used correctly. Ozone, unlike other harsh chemicals used to clean odors, will revert back to O2 (oxygen) after about 30–40 minutes and will not leave behind any residue or harsh byproducts.

In September, 2007, the California Air Resources Board announced a ban of in-home ozone producing Air Purification Systems. This law, which will take effect in 2009, will require testing and certification of all types of Air Purification Systems to verify that they don't generate too much ozone. This ban does not affect shock treatment ozone generators however. Studies indicate that some ionic Air Purification Systems produce ozone at 3.3 to 4.3 mg ^-1^. Ozone generators used for shock treatments on the other hand produce over 3000 mg/h, the amount of ozone needed to create a "shock treatment" over a 6 hour period in a 100-200 sq. ft room. The ozone generators which are subject to this ban use cermic Mica plates that produce 300-400 mg/h of ozone and are intended to be used indoors in occupied rooms.

An Air Purification Systems in Ohio is a device which removes contaminants from air. Air Purification Systems are commonly marketed as being particularly beneficial to allergy sufferers and asthmatics, and at reducing second-hand tobacco smoke.

Use of Air Purification Systems

Dust, pollen, pet dander, mold spores, and dust mite feces can act as allergens, triggering allergies in sensitive people. Smoke particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can pose a risk to health. Exposure to various components such as VOCs increases the likelihood of experiencing symptoms of sick building syndrome. Air Purification Systems are used to reduce the concentration of these airborne contaminants and are especially useful for people who suffer from allergies and asthma. They also reduce the need for frequent household cleaning. Air Purification Systems use a small amount of electrical energy, causing a small amount of expense and environmental effect.

Air Purification Systems techniques

Several different processes of varying effectiveness can be used to purify air. Different processes may remove different contaminants, so there is advantage in using more than one process in a purifier.

Filter-based purification traps airborne particles by size exclusion. Air is forced through a filter and particles are physically captured by the filter. HEPA filters can, by definition, remove at least 99.97% of 0.3-micrometer particles, and are usually more effective for particles which are larger or slightly smaller. They are effective down to 0.01 micrometers in many cases, but become very ineffective for particles smaller than 0.01 micrometer. HEPA purifiers which filter all the air going into a clean room must be arranged so that no air bypasses the HEPA filter. In dusty environments, a HEPA filter may follow an easily cleaned conventional filter (prefilter) which removes coarser impurities so that the HEPA filter does not need to be changed or cleaned frequently. HEPA filters do not generate ozone or other harmful byproducts.

Filter for HVAC at MERV 13 or above can remove airborne particles of 0.3 micrometers or larger. A medium efficiency MERV 13 has a capture rate of 75% for particles between 0.3 to 1.0 micrometers. Although the capture rate of a MERV filter is lower than that of a HEPA filter, a central air systems can move significantly more air in the same period of time. Using a high-grade MERV filter can be more effective than using a high-powered HEPA machine at a fraction of the initial capital expenditure. Unfortunately, most furnace filters are slid in place without an airtight seal, which allows air to pass around the filters. This problem is worse for the higher-efficiency MERV filters because of the increase in air resistance. Higher-efficiency MERV filters are usually denser and increase air resistance in the central systems, requiring a greater air pressure drop and consequently increasing energy costs.
Activated carbon Air Purification Systems is a highly porous material that can adsorb volatile chemicals on a molecular basis, but does not remove larger particles. It is important to note that the adsorption process when using activated carbon must reach equilibrium thus it may be difficult to completely remove contaminants. Activated carbon Air Purification Systems is merely a process of changing contaminants from a gaseous phase to a solid phase, when aggravated or disturbed contaminants can be regenerated in indoor air sources. Activated carbon can be used at room temperature and has a long history of commercial use. It is normally used in conjunction with other filter technology, especially with HEPA. Other materials can also absorb chemicals, but at higher cost.
Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO) Air Purification Systems is an emerging technology in the HVAC industry that has great potential for application toward improvement of indoor air quality. In addition to the prospect of IAQ benefits, it has the added potential for limiting the introduction of unconditioned air to the building space, thereby presenting an opportunity to achieve energy savings over classical prescriptive designs. As of February 2007 there was disputable concern raised by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory that PCO Air Purification Systems may increase the amount of formaldehyde in real indoor environments. As with other advanced technologies, sound engineering principles and practices should be employed by the HVAC designer to ensure proper application of the technology. Photocatalytic oxidation Air Purification Systems are able to completely oxidize and degrade organic contaminants. For example, Volatile Organic Compounds found low concentrations within a few hundred ppmv or less are the most likely to be completely oxidized. However, the systems must run for a relatively longer to completely oxidize contaminants. (PCO) uses short-wave ultraviolet light (UVC), commonly used for sterilization, to kill 99.9% of bacteria and viruses. UVC in-duct units can be mounted to an existing forced-air HVAC system. PCO Air Purification Systems is not a filtering technology, as it does not trap or remove particles. It is sometimes coupled with other filtering technologies for Air Purification Systems. To remove VOCs present in larger concentrations a system that combines photocatalytic oxidation and some other form of Air Purification Systems may be necessary. UV sterilization bulbs must be replaced about once a year; manufacturers may require periodic replacement as a condition of warranty. Photocatalytic Oxidation Air Purification Systems systems often have high commercial costs.
Ionizer Air Purification Systems use charged electrical surfaces or needles to generate electrically charged air or gas ions. These Ions attach to airborne particles which are then electrostatically attracted to a charged collector plate. This mechanism produces trace amounts of ozone and other oxidants as by-products. Most ionizers Air Purification Systems produce less than 0.05 ppm of ozone, an industrial safety standard. There are two major subdivisions: the fanless ionizer and fan-based ionizer. Fanless ionizers are noiseless and use little power, but are less efficient at Air Purification Systems. Fan-based ionizers Air Purification Systems clean and distribute air much faster. Permanently mounted home and industrial ionizer purifiers are called electrostatic precipitators.
Liquid Ioniser Air Purification Systems use a capillary to feed liquid into an ionisation field that creates electrically charged liquid ions. Liquid ion Air Purification Systems only retain a small enough charge so that they are able to float on the wind whilst still effectively purifying the air. Liquid ions attach themselves to airborne particles in a similar way to air ionizer purifiers. However as liquid is charged rather than air/gas they absorb the pollutants in the air. In the process of creating Liquid ions there are no by-products produced such as ozone or oxidants.
Ozone Air Purification Systems generators produce ozone, and are sometimes sold as whole house air cleaners. Unlike ionizers, ozone Air Purification Systems generators are designed to produce significant amounts of ozone, a strong oxidant gas which can oxidize many other chemicals. The only safe use of ozone Air Purification Systems generators is in unoccupied rooms, utilising "shock treatment" commercial ozone generators that produce over 3000 mg of ozone per hour. Restoration contractors use these types of ozone generators to remove smoke odors after fire damage, musty smells after flooding, mold (including toxic molds), and the stench caused by decaying flesh which cannot be removed by bleach or anything else except for ozone. However, it is not healthy to breathe ozone gas, and one should use extreme caution when buying a room Air Purification Systems that also produces ozone.